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    Persagen Consulting: Diet and Health

    Please note: This page is currently under construction, and is incomplete.


    Diet has a profound effect on our health and well-being, and a healthy, well-balanced diet is essential to good health, providing nourishment and essential nutrients and trace elements, as well as psychological comfort (satisfaction / satiation). The food and water that we consume contains compounds that are both protective of, and harmful, to human health. Many fruits and vegetable, for example, contain compounds that protect against cancer and other diseases (e.g., EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, present in green tea; lycopene, present in tomatoes) while some foods contain harmful substances, that adversely affect our health (e.g the fungal mycotoxin AFB1, aflatoxin B1, found in mouldy grains; chemical contaminant in foods, e.g. the endocrine disruptor BPA, bisphenol A, a contaminant in food packaging).

    Dietary substances that benefit and protect of human health health are loosely referred to as being chemoprotective (chemoprotectants; chemoprotection), chemopreventive (chemopreventives; chemoprevention), functional foods, nutraceuticals and phytochemicals (phytonutrients):

      Chemoprotective: Acting as antioxidant or immunity booster: protecting the body from the effects of chemicals and diseases such as cancer through the antioxidant or immunity-boosting properties of a specific diet or supplement. For example, indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a chemoprotective phytochemical from cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale, cabbage, and bok choy, etc.)

      Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, chemicals, vitamins or other substance in the diet or to prevent or reduce the incidence of disease (generally, referring to but not limited to cancer). Many chemopreventive agents, both natural and synthetic, have been identified. Some of the most promising compounds are found in vegetables and fruits. For example, dithiothiones (compounds found in cruciferous vegetables) are potential chemopreventive agents. Tamoxifen, the first chemoprevention drug to receive FDA approval, is the most well-known chemopreventive agent.

      Functional foods: Functional foods, as defined by the Institute of Medicine in Washington, are "those foods that encompass potentially healthful products including any modified food or ingredient that may provide a health benefit beyond the traditional nutrients it contains." Functional foods can include foods like cereals, breads and beverages which are fortified with vitamins, herbs or nutraceuticals.

      Nutraceutical: A food or food product that provides or allegedly provides health and medical benefits, including the prevention and treatment of disease. A nutraceutical may be a naturally nutrient-rich or medicinally active food, such as garlic or soybeans, or it may be a specific component of a food, such as the omega-3 fish oil that can be derived from salmon and other cold-water fish.

      Phytochemical: The active health-protecting compounds that are found as components of plants. Currently, the terms "phytochemical" and "phytonutrient" are being used interchangeably to describe those plant compounds which are thought to have health-protecting qualities. The antioxidant, immune boosting and other health promoting properties of active compounds in plants are being investigated. Phytonutrients or phytochemicals that are being studied presently include (and are not limited to) terpenes, carotenoids, limonoids, and phytosterols.

    Nutraceuticals: Nutraceutical, a term combining the words "nutrition" and "pharmaceutical," is a food or food product that provides health and medical benefits, including the prevention and treatment of disease. Such products may range from isolated nutrients, dietary supplements and specific diets to genetically engineered foods, herbal products, and processed foods such as cereals, soups, and beverages. With recent breakthroughs in cellular-level nutraceuticals agents, researchers, and medical practitioners are developing templates for integrating assessing and assessing information from clinical studies on complimentary and alternative therapies into responsible medical practice. Health Canada which defines nutraceutical as: a product isolated or purified from foods, and generally sold in medicinal forms not usually associated with food and demonstrated to have a physiological benefit or provide protection against chronic disease, while the Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a nutraceutical as a food stuff (a fortified food or a dietary supplement) that provides health benefits. Nutraceutical foods are not subject to the same testing and regulations as pharmaceutical drugs. The American Nutraceutical Association works with the Food & Drug Administration in consumer education, developing industry and scientific standards for products and manufacturers, and other related consumer protection roles.

    ...

    Pomegranates provide amazing protection against tissue damage and inflammation, and pomegranate juice provides potent prostate protection. Grape seed extract may protect against leukemia.

      Nutraceuticals, Chemoprotectants in Food

      Beta-carotene
      Dithiothiones
      ECCG
      Grape seed extract
      Indole-3-carbinol
      Lycopene
      Pomegranate
      Soy
      Vitamin D

      Hazardous Substances in Food

      Aflatoxins (AFB1, etc.)
      Endocrine disruptors (bisphenol A, phthalates, etc.)


    For additional information or fully-confidential discussions regarding better understanding of diet, health, and other lifestyle issues that affect or potentially affect our health, please contact me at mail @ persagen.com.


    Additional Sources of Information

    • The American Nutraceutical Association

    • Aflatoxin [Wikipedia]

    • Epigallocatechin gallate [Wikipedia]

    • Lycopene [Wikipedia]

    • Nutraceutical [Wikipedia]

    • From Persagen Consulting owner Victoria A. (formerly G.R.) Stuart:

      • Thornton, A.S., Oda, Y., Stuart, G.R. , Holcroft, J. and de Boer, J.G. (2004) "The dioxin TCDD protects against aflatoxin-induced mutation in female rats, but not in male rats." Mutation Research 561:147-152. [PMID: 15238239]

      • Yang, H., Stuart, G.R., Glickman, B.W. and de Boer, J.G. (2001) "Modulation of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-induced mutation in the cecum and colon of big blue rats by conjugated linoleic acid and 1,2-dithiole-3-thione." Nutrition and Cancer 39:259-266. [PMID: 11759290]

      • Stuart, G.R., Oda, Y., Boer, J.G. and Glickman, B.W. (2000) "No change in spontaneous mutation frequency or specificity in dietary restricted mice." Carcinogenesis 21:317-319. [PMID: 10657975 ]

      • Dycaico, M.J., Stuart, G.R., Tobal, G.M., de Boer, J.G., Glickman, B.W. and Provost, G.S. (1996) "Species-specific differences in hepatic mutant frequency and mutational spectrum among lambda/lacI transgenic rats and mice following exposure to aflatoxin B1." Carcinogenesis 17:2347-2356. [PMID: 8968048]


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